An analysis of the trends affecting homeless lone parents under the Labour Government

Research Question This research question is an assessment of the impact which the Labour policy relating to homelessness has had, in particular, on lone parents. By looking at the trends associated with homelessness of lone parents, a more detailed policy analysis can be completed with a view to gaining an understanding of how policies could be used in the future to achieve a more effective regime for homeless or potentially homeless lone parents. Objectives of Research The key objective of this research is to gain a detailed understanding of how the Labour Government between 1997 and 2010 dealt with the issue of homelessness, with particular reference to lone parents and how the various different policies established by the Labour Government have impacted on this group of society. By exploring the broader issues relating to housing services and encompassing not only the provision of basic housing, but also looking at the policies which would potentially impact on the long-term situation such as employability this research aims to identify those policy areas which would be most relevant in the future as a means of dealing with the long-term issue of homelessness, rather than simply plastering over the current crisis. Although the focus of this dissertation is on the period during which the Labour Government was in control, the latter part of the dissertation will also consider the ways in which the policy has changed since 2010 and what the future may hold for this policy area, with recommendations being offered based on the information gathered. Literature Review The issue of homelessness has gained considerable attention over the years, most notably from those involved in government policy setting; however, several other papers provide useful background understanding. For example, the paper by Bromley et al., in 2010 looked at the demographic issues which are likely to underlie the demands of the housing system, This paper discussed issues such as the increase of lone parents and considered how this might increase the demand for smaller housing units. Another paper which is considered to be relevant is that established by Fitzpatrick et al., 2000, where the issue of single adults who suffer from homelessness is focussed on recognising that many of the supplemental policies such as those surrounding supporting lone parents back into work are also crucially significant. This recognises the importance of not simply focussing on providing housing, but also on looking at the issues that create or deepen the homeless crisis in the first place. Finally, the other area of literature looks at the central issue of how social housing is allocated. This is because although it is recognised that wider issues are likely to be relevant, there is also an important body of research which needs to look more closely at the allocation of social housing and how this impacts on lone parents, specifically (Fitzpatrick & Stephens, 1999). Methodology In order to undertake this research, it is planned that the focus will be on the use of a detailed literature review, drawing on trends and any surrounding discussion relating to these trends. Care will need to be taken to remove bias, as many of the documents which are produced by the government are likely to support the effectiveness of its own policies, regardless of the true figures. For this reason, the figures will be looked at, in detail, and an analysis of the data will be undertaken in a rounded way. As well as the literature review, case studies will also be drawn upon, to ensure that the practical operation of the policies is understood, something which is perceived to be highly relevant when it comes to undertaking a detailed policy analysis. Indicative Bibliography Bradshaw, J., Chzhen, Y. & Stephens, M. (2008) ’Housing: the saving grace in the British welfare state’, in Fitzpatrick, S. & Stephens, M. (eds.) The Future of Social Housing. London: Shelter. Bramley, G., Pawson, H., White, M., Watkins, D. & Pleace, N. (2010) Estimating Housing Need. London: DCLG. Brien, S. (2009) Dynamic Benefits: Toward welfare that works. London: Centre for Social Justice Fitzpatrick, S., Kemp, P. A., & Klinker, S. (2000) Single Homelessness: An Overview of Research in Britain. Bristol: The Policy Press. Fitzpatrick, S. & Stephens, M. (1999) ‘Homelessness, need and desert in the allocation of council housing’, Housing Studies, 14(4), 413–3 Greater London Authority (2009) Housing in London: the Evidence Base for the London Housing Strategy. London: GLA http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/housing/strategy/docs/housing-in-london2009.pdf Pleace, N. (2000). ‘The new consensus, the old consensus and the provision of services for people sleeping rough’, Housing Studies, 15: 581-594. Shinn, M. (2007) ‘International homelessness: policy, socio-cultural, and individual perspectives’, Journal of Social Issues, 63(3): 657-677 Stafford, B. & Duffy, D. (2009) Review of Evidence on the Impact of the Economic Downturn on Disadvantaged Groups. London: DWP. Witherspoon, C., Whyley, C. & Kempson, E. (1996) Paying for Rented Housing: Non-dependent Deductions from Housing Benefit. London: Department of Social Security.

Appreciating Rain on a Grave by Thomas Hardy Essay

This poem presents its composer, Thomas Hardy, through a persona of grief over his late wife. The poem is contextualized immediately after Mrs. Hardys death as the widowed persona stands by her grave. The poem moves from third person perspective through to a first person point of view. It reflects on the personas guilt of mistreating his late wife before her death and his yearning to be with her in the present. Would I lay there And she were housed there! Or better, togetherWe both, – who would stray thereHardy wrote this poem as a way of expiating the way he treated his late wife while she was alive. The poet, Thomas Hardy introduces the poem by describing the rain spouting on the personas wifes grave Clouds spout upon her. This creates a melancholy mood in the audience and expresses the physical pain she suffered from the persona whilst she was living Her who but lately Had shivered with pain, his past actions make him feel immensely guilty. The purpose of this poem was for the poet to reflect upon his actions and acknowledge his guilt for the mistreatment of his late wife. The persona contemplates on his behaviour towards his wife while she was alive causing her physical and emotional pain and acknowledges that his love was lost through his ill-treatment of his late wife. This is evident through the following lines:Her who but lately Had shivered with pain and his yearning to be reunited with her again Would I lay there And she were housed there! Or better, together We both, – who would stray thereThe poem moves from a serious tone to a more light hearted tone. The poet evokes a sad, melancholy mood in the early stanzas of the poem Clouds spout upon her Had shivered with pain and in the late stanzas of the poem the poet evokes a somewhat contented mood Love beyond measure With a childs pleasure All her lifes round. There is a bittersweet tone to the poets reflections upon his thoughts of his wife in the poem. The poem consists of four stanzas with each stanza consisting of nine lines.  The informal language in Rain on a Grave is effective and appropriate in conveying Hardys reminiscence of thoughts and feelings as it allows him to freely express his emotions and hence it serves to achieve his purpose. Hardy uses several imagery techniques throughout the poem Green blades from her mound, which allows readers to visualize the grass on her grave, Clouds spout upon her which helps readers envisage the image of rain spouting on the grave giving a melancholy effect. Other techniques used are metaphors so coldly, so straightly such arrows of rain: giving the striking effect of rain and the cold, reality is brings like stars on the ground, – Till she form part of them- gives the uplifting mood and that his wifes afterlife is a much better life than the one she had when alive, emotive language loved beyond measure With a childs pleasure gives the empathy of love and how it can be beyond anything and rhyming techniques When sunny the day there, – Or evening was clear At the prime of the year. The techniques in the poem assist with evoking the reader with what the persona feels and sees and the mood of the poem. The rhythm is slow and gentle, appropriate for the personas thoughts. Movement of this poem is slow placed to suit the reflective thoughts and emphasize the thoughts of the persona. Due to the poets use of structure, imagery and metaphors he enables readers to feel and sympathize with his thoughts. Bibliography: http://web.mac.com/kburden/iWeb/Wessex%20Heights/Podcast/F1735ED8-8E67-492C-A6B7-266F83730FDE.html

Snatch by Guy Ritchie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Snatch by Guy Ritchie - Essay Example In the previous work of Ritchie, the use of impenetrable accent by non-British was very common while in the current work; a character represented by Brad Pitt has played a major part in bringing up another complicated gypsy dialect that other characters find difficult to understand in the movie. The character represented by Brad Pitt, paradoxically finds it very easy to communicate using this language understood by fewer people than other characters who find it very difficult to communicate using the language understood by all. Brad Pitt sounds like the combination of Professor Backwards and Adam Sandler. Therefore, this becomes an advantage to Brad Pitt since no one would really concentrate on his presence since no one understands the language he speaks thus he does not experience the discrimination as the rest face. Ritchie is a professional director, he is not interested in crime, but instead, he pays more attention to the voltage. According to Hrubes, Postmodernist Intertextuality in David Mitchell's Cloud Atlas, the events of the play, Snatch, make it very interesting to viewers even if no one really hopes to understand the plot or rather no one of the viewers is very keen to understand the plot. The clothesline for Ritchie’s’ pyrotechnics is whereby he seems like very close to tell the audience that understanding the plot does not really matter that much. The plot of the play revolves around interlocked stories, which include, pigs, stolen diamonds, and wicked boxing. Franky Four Fingers steal a diamond from Belgium in Antwerp and runs back to London, two men, Avi, a gangster from America and Borris the Blade, a Russian, try to separate Franky Four Finger from the diamond. This becomes very hard to separate since he is handcuffed with the diamond to the wrist. Eventually, two s hady promoters find themselves involved in the crime after Gorgeous George, a boxer, is found lying flat on the stomach after being knocked down. This leads to the recruitment of the gypsy is a very great fighter that London would not recognize, in desperation for a winner. Pigs feed on the bodies of the discriminated people. When the blacks, the thieves, and other discriminated groups of people die in London, pigs feast on their dead bodies. The part played by Pitt and gypsy constitute the most interesting parts of the movie. The characters in this movie have cartoon faces, and the actions seem outright and Ritchie is very aggressive in his camera style, which makes the movie captivating and interesting. Despite all these facts concerning the movie, the movie ends up nowhere in particular and it does not build or develop anybody. Therefore, this movie entertains more than it educates the viewers. The Snatch is partly a comedy and every event carried out is a dark comedy. It revolve s around death and murder, and decay whereby in Snatch, Ritchie keeps on throwing things that just do not fit in the movie at that time just to break the monotony of deaths, murder, and decay. Stunning things like a Russian who just does not die, a man who has four fingers, and a dog that is able to swallow a squeaky toy among other stunning and strange things. All these characters that Ritchie uses

Organization (Mod 3 SLP PoM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization (Mod 3 SLP PoM) - Essay Example This essay includes three parts mainly highlighting the importance of organizing within a military contracting organization, named Northbridge Services Group. Along with this, it also includes the role played by various elements like work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control and centralization or decentralization of organizing in different organizational structures. Organizing is described as a procedure which includes vivid planning and scheduling of varied ideas and information in order to reduce the negative impacts and to enhance the success of the plan or strategy like restructuring or alliance or others. The concept of organizing is used so that the plan or strategy gets accepted by all the employees thereby enhancing its scope of success (Vlasic, 2013). Thus, it is extremely essential for any organization, operating in any segment. Likewise, the concept of organizing is also essential for a military contracting company named Northbridge Services Group, as it offers varied types of services like advices, trainings, operational and intelligent support and many others to governments, multi-national corporations and many others. So, for them, organizing is extremely essential in order to offer their services appropriately that may enhance their level of standards and brand value (Higgins & Green, 2012). Organizational design is described as the structure of an organization. It varies from one organization to another like simple, hierarchical, matrix and many others. On the basis of the structure of the organization, the roles and responsibilities of the employees are delegated. Like, the organization of Northbridge Services Group comprises of a simple structure. In this type of structure, maximum extent of the decisions is taken by the high level authorities of the organization. Along with this, grouping of job responsibilities (decentralization), work specialization or job distribution, unity of command or

Employee Turnover and Retention Strategies Essay

Employee Turnover and Retention Strategies - Essay Example Every department, be it operations, finance, human resources, or sales and marketing, must invest in motivating, training, and retaining their best human resources to make a difference through their core competencies. As Susan Heathfield said: "Managers readily agree that retaining your best employees ensures customer satisfaction, product sales, satisfied co-workers and reporting staff, effective succession planning and deeply imbedded organizational knowledge and learning." Today organisations are willing to look upon their staff not so much as employees or workers but as 'knowledge workers'. As Peter Drucker observed, "while the more than fifty-fold increase in productivity of the manual worker was the greatest achievement of the 20th century manager, the most important work of the 21st century is to increase the productivity of the knowledge worker." (Pottruck and Pearce, 131). The more competent workers your company or organisation loses, the more will it set your clock back in finding and training suitable replacements at much greater costs. In the meantime your loss becomes your competitor's gain, which again has adverse implications on the success of your operations. Among the major causes that propelled employees to quit an organisation, the following conditions mostly relating to work culture have been identified as contributing to employee dissatisfaction and consequent exit: Lack of clarity in company policies, practices, and procedures Excessive controls and autocratic leadership Bureaucratic work environment with lack of trust Inadequate remuneration and unjustified cost cuts Poor quality of supervision Lack of opportunities for growth Absence of facilities for training and development Lack of scope for utilization of skills and talents Poor communication (with the employee not knowing what is expected of him daily) Lack of rewards, recognition and encouragement Unfair and inequitable treatment of employees Overbearing attitude and threatening by supervisors The Case of Solution's Solution's began operations on a small scale in 1967 as a recruitment agency for social care specialists. Headquartered in London, Solution's expanded in a big way in four decades to establish itself as the largest social care agency in the UK, with 160 employees spread over18 branches. The year 2004 proved to be a disappointment for the company in terms of financial performance, compelling it to slash commissions given to consultants for recruitment mostly in branches located in London. The weak performance also resulted in the retrenchment of up to 15 branch administers, apart from the voluntary exit of many employees who signed up with rival agencies. An analysis showed that the major cause for high employee turnover (91%) in 2004 was the cost reduction strategy adopted by the company. With a view to putting the operations back on rail, the company opted for a change of leadership at the top. A new managing director joined the board in January 2005 with a mission to improve the health of the company in general and the turnover situation in particular. He believed that the key to success through increased sales lay in ensuring employee satisfaction. Accordingly he straightway set about implementing certain remedial and innovative measures for a

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

HAMLET PLAY VS HAMLET MOVIE - Essay Example Zeffirelli’s version of the play is shorter and has in it new episodes, making it different. Zefirelli produced the movie in 1990. Both pieces of work center on the drama that follows when Claudius poisons his brother the king and inherits the throne and the queen. Hamlet cannot come into terms with all the sudden evils and seeks to avenge the death of his father. It is worth noting that Zeffirelli has produced a shorter and easier version of the play that simplifies the Shakespeare style (Cook 20). Employing creativity, Zeffirelli manages to emphasize the level of decay in Denmark. Through his interpretation, Zeffirelli introduces the Hamlet movie with a new scene that does not exist in the original version of the play. Some of the lines plucked from a later scene include â€Å"think of us as of a father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1.2.113-117) (Shakespeare and Edwards 114). In emphasizing the decay, which has engulfed the Denmark society, he places a funeral as the first scene of the movie. In the original version, the characters only mention the funeral. By placing a funeral at the start, he introduces the viewer to the villainy that lead to all the other drama (Mazek). The original play starts differently. Zefirelli’s first scene acts as the first event in the chronology of events that follow. Zeffirelli creatively replaces the first scene of the original script of the play. Therefore, he omits the introduction to the main story that Shakespeare provided. It is clear that he seeks to divert the attention of the viewer to focus on a different element of the play. The first scene in Shakespeare’s play introduces all the drama that will transpire in an instance. In this scene, he mentions that the Prince, Fortenbras, has intentions to attack Denmark. In this scene, the ghost appearance of King Hamlet happens for the first time. For purposes of widening the analysis of the play,

Introduction to business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to business - Assignment Example As indicated above, the environment of a business is dynamic and most noticeably complex. Therefore, these environmental aspects are considered crucial to a business, because they have an impact on the growth of business and generally, its survival in a competitive market. These aspects are not only critical because of a business’ survival in the market, but also because they are a gauge against changes in the market. These are changes that may be technological or economical in nature such as recessions or bank interests. When an organization is able to detect these changes, it becomes easier to adapt or work on how to evade any undesirable results. Business adaptability is crucial in a competitive market, and businesses that are not able to adapt to change soon operate on losses. According to Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Botha, and Vries a market is defined as a place where trade takes place and based on the participation of sellers and buyers. Sellers and buyers participate by trading in goods or information. In my opinion, this definition is simple and based on the physical location of a market. However, today’s markets are rather different and more virtual rather than physical. An excellent example of this is the internet, which is now a large market and one which is most liquid. In defining the market, it is crucial to also mention that the market is not only focused on products and services, but also satisfies the needs of customers (Goodman, Ladzani, Bates, Botha, and Vries 16). In my opinion, the most appropriate way of defining the market is to think about the needs of customers before making any other business related move. After this, the next best step to take is to identify the products which meet the customer needs. In the contemporary society, companies use marketing tools to convince the buyers to buy goods from the market. The nonprofit organizations use the marketing tools to encourage buyers in the market. Hence, in

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Global warming - Research Paper Example This research essay will discuss about the origin of the global warming, how it has impacted, how to control it through a detailed analysis. Due to human activities, the atmospheric levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases have soared rapidly. Over the past century, the global average temperature soared about 10C in average, which is about 1.80 F and the sea levels have increased more than 15 cms (6 inches). Worldwide, glaciers are melting out and the huge ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland are frazzling at their peripheries. While summer heat waves have now become unbearable and rainstorms are escalating in many provinces while winters are less severe. At the same juncture, provinces of drought are turning to be more widespread, which resulted in the sharp increase in food prices. Species are witnessing risk of extinction due to the hostile atmosphere. Climate science comprises of study of the workings of the environment and ocean and of the interface between atmosphere and ocean and the other constituents of the mother Earth, namely fauna and flora. It also deals with the study of past climate namely paleoclimatology. Further, climate change is closely associated with the energy as future climate rests upon directly on our capability to maneuver emissions from fossil-fuel and to use eco-friendly renewable-energy sources (Mathez, 2013, p.xv). The origin of the global warming can be mainly attributed to human activities, particularly, the burning of coal, fossil fuels, oil & gas, adding together with large -scale deforestation and due to this , the gas CO2 emitted into the environment in higher quantities over the past two centuries and more significantly over the past five decades. Each year, there will be emission of CO2 into the atmosphere which will add to the CO2 which is already present in the

Select ONE country and consider the countrys current and likely future Research Paper

Select ONE country and consider the countrys current and likely future role in transnational crime over the next decade - Research Paper Example â€Å"The porous ness of the border with Mexico, which has recently become a major trading partner for the United States, in particular reinforces peoples perception that the nation is not in the control of its destiny† (Petrie & Reuter, n.d pg 2). The improvement in the technology has also added to the woes of United States, with communication being made easier the international borders have become very permeable. Traditional criminal activities were limited to a particular criminal trade while the present transnational crimes are global in nature and even diverse in dimensions. These crimes are not limited to a particular form and the groups involved in these crimes also are results of motivated groups who aim at destruction, example terrorist groups (Walia, n.d). â€Å"A well know example of transnational crime in the form of terrorist attacks is the 9/11 attacks in USA which caused economical damages of 15 million dollars to the infrastructure as well as costed life of mo re than 3000 people† (Walia, n.d, p. 2). In this paper we try and discuss the different kinds of transnational crimes and understand America’s current and future role in the controlling and monitoring such crimes. The United Nations in the year 1995 defined International crime as the "offense whose inception, prevention and/or direct effect or indirect effects involved more than one country" (Petrie & Reuter, n.d, p. 8). We discuss the major transnational crimes under this section. We further discuss the laws and policies prevalent in the United States of America against these crimes in the past years. Money laundering is transferring of money through different countries so that the origin nation of the money becomes difficult to understand. The smugglers, drug traffickers, corrupt officials and public officials basically carry out laundering activities. These

Report on The Correlation of physical strength to perfomance on Essay

Report on The Correlation of physical strength to perfomance on physically demanding jobs - Essay Example Physically demanding jobs like those that can be obtained in the armed forces, emergency rescue, construction, heavy-equipment industries and the like require a high level of physical capabilities. Occupations that involve long and cyclical duties such as lifting, carrying, pulling and pushing can potentially cause cumulative trauma disorders such as â€Å"back pain, sprains, strains, carpal tunnel syndrome, and neck pain† (Nindl & Sharp, 2011). Understandably, when workers are blighted by physical traumas and injuries, they become less effective in carrying out their duties and responsibilities; hence, it could have a potentially negative effect on the job performance on the whole, and eventually on the entire organization. So, this paper shall elaborate on the correlation between physical strength of workers and job performance on physically demanding jobs. In order to clearly and accurately demonstrate a decisive inference on whether a correlation exists or not, this paper shall focus on two measures: arm strength and grip strength. Data Set No. 18 S. No. GRIP x ARM y RATINGS z SIMS Mean Score (x,y, z) Mean Score (x, y) 1 100.5 51 30.2 0.77 60.57 75.75 2 95 64.5 36 -1.97 65.17 79.75 3 75.5 57.5 42.1 0.35 58.37 66.50 6 54.5 35 39.8 -1.68 43.10 44.75 7 131 86 37 1.03 84.67 108.50 8 147 71 57.2 0.53 91.73 109.00 9 104 47.5 31.2 1 60.90 76.00 10 104.5 69 38 -1.43 70.50 86.75 11 120 100 52.4 1.24 90.8 110.00 12 128.5 93.5 46.4 3.16 89.47 111.00 13 29 19 28 -4.17 25.33 24.00 14 128.5 88 57 0.91 91.17 108.25 15 98.5 65.5 29.6 -1.29 64.53 82.00 Solution By simply taking the arm and grip endurance at a particular length of time, arm and grip strength have been measured and tallied for analysis. For the first calculation of the mean score, that is, (x, y, z), ratings have been included in order to identify the significance of ratings in determining the correlation between arm and grip strength and job performance. Nevertheless, to find if ratings do have a subs tantial effect on the overall job performance, a second mean score has been measured. Interpretation Scatter plots could have been utilized in order to graphically display the relationships between the strength scores and ratings, and how the two measures relate with ratings and work simulation scores. But, the table itself can already tell enough that participants with lower strength scores have lower ratings from their employers, which could mean that they performed less effectively that their counterparts. By simply analysing the data, one can automatically conclude that, indeed, there is a correlation between physical strength on performance on physically demanding jobs. Take for instance the comparison of the mean scores and sims between participant 1 and participant 13, participant has got a better simulation and mean score as compared to participant 13 despite the fact that participant 1 got a considerably low ratings. Furthermore, there is not much relationship between ratin gs and physical strengths. Some participants who have higher physical strength do necessarily have higher performance ratings from their employers. Such is the case of participant 12 and 15; nonetheless, it

Gothic conventions Essay Example for Free

Gothic conventions Essay Dracula, as described in the play, can take many forms of different creatures. Ranging from a wolf to a mist. These creatures are described well in the play and create an atmosphere of suspense for the reader. It also shows just how strong Dracula is. This vampire which is amongst us is of himself so strong in person as twenty men This quotation shows us just how strong Dracula is and Bram Stoker describes this well by comparing Dracula to a living thing such as man. It gives us a good idea of just how strong Dracula is/becomes. In the play it describes the many forms that Dracula can take: The storm, the fog, and the wolf; he can grow and become small; and he can at times vanish and come unknown. This describes very well the different forms that Dracula can take and the last bit of the sentence just creates that extra bit of suspense, which can take this play to the next level. and he can at times vanish and come unknown This is the phrase which kicks in that extra bit of suspense and gets the reader wondering what this means and how Dracula does it. It overall draws a better picture of the creature himself and what is achievable for him. He can transform himself to wolf, as we gather from the ship arrival in Whitby, when he tear open the dog; he can be as bat He can come in mist which he create This is another of the forms that Dracula can take and as you progress on with the story you get a better and better image of Dracula and the powers that he has within him. Another one of the conventions is the weirdness of Dracula and how different he is in relation to the rest of mankind. He eat not as others. Even friend Jonathan, who lived with him for weeks, did never see him to eat, never! This is very weird, as we all know because every living thing needs to consume something in order for its body to keep functioning and to stay alive. But it seems as though Dracula is very different compared to humans as Jonathan, who had lived with him, had never seen him eat. This must mean that there is another way in, which Dracula consumes which has not yet been discovered. This part of the story creates suspense and gets the reader thinking about what Dracula exactly is and how he differs humans. It gets the reader thinking about how Dracula survives and what he survives on. He throws no shadow; he make in the mirror no reflect This is another phrase, which creates suspense for the reader and shoes just how weird Dracula is and once again it gets the readers thinking just what Dracula is. As we know everything and anything can throw a shadow as long as it is solid. The laws of physics tell us that. But Dracula somehow doesnt throw a shadow. This means that he is defying the laws of Physics, which once again shows how unusual and how inhuman like Dracula is. The last quotation which gets the reader wondering about Dracula is He can see in the dark-no small power this It isnt a small power indeed as no human can do this, which ultimately confirms just how inhuman Dracula is. The convention of the journal will be looked at next. Minas journal has a lot to reveal about Dracula and her encounter with him. The first quotation I will take is the parted red lips, with the sharp white teeth showing between; and red eyes This is a quote which strikes fear into the mind of the readers and it gives a fairly good description of Dracula. The sharp teeth instantly gets you thinking and gives u a sense of fear as u begin to picture what this person may look like. The red eyes also instantly puts fear into the minds of the readers as it describes Dracula in a very fiery/inhuman way. The word monster may come into the readers minds as they read this phrase. Silence! If u make a sound I shall take him and dash his brains out before your very eyes Here we are getting pretty gruesome as the writer takes a more graphic approach to the threat that Dracula makes to Mina. The very thought of someones brains being dashed before you instantly sends a shiver up your spine and gets you very involved in the passage as your brain instantly gathers an image of what it would look like if you were to be there. This slowly paints a better picture of Dracula and what he is capable of and what he has done before. Another chilling quote from Dracula is: You may as well be quiet; it is not the first time your veins have appeased my thirst This is a very chilling quote, which refers to the blood in Minas body. It gets the reader thinking about whether or not Dracula is about to do what they think he is about to do. But straight after there is another quote, which describes just how unusual and powerful Dracula is: strangely enough I did not want to hinder him. I suppose it is a part of the horrible curse that this happens when his touch is on his victim This quote gives an image of Dracula to be very inhuman like just like the others. It gets the reader into the story line and makes the reader believe more and more that Dracula is truly supernatural. But it seemed that a long time had passed before he took his awful sneering mouth away. I saw it drip with the fresh blood This can only be the action of a supernatural, as no human would even think of consuming someone elses blood. Dracula is a natural vampire as this sentence finally suggests and just shows what lengths the supernatural go to. Once again here a monster like image is created of Dracula and the instant feeling of fear kicks in as you read the sentence. The main reason that this sense of fear is created by the writer is because of how graphic the script becomes and how detailed it is and once again this instantly creates a picture in your mind of Dracula commencing with these gruesome acts. When my brain says Come! to you, you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding This describes a sense of power, which comes from Dracula. This is typical as power is one of the Gothic conventions, which is used in this story to good effect as Dracula commands his presence and shows his power. Straight after this we go from power to the gruesome side of Dracula: With that he pulled open his shirt and with his sharp nails opened a vein in his breast This is very gruesome and creates a sense of sickness for the reader but its all in the nature of Dracula as the story shows and Bram Stoker makes this very graphic once again which sends shivers up the readers spine. But even this is not enough. The writer goes one step further here as he goes into more graphic content When the blood began to spurt out, he took my hands in one of his, holding them tight, and with the other seized my neck and pressed my mouth to the wound, so that I must suffocate or swallow This once again is very sickening as it goes into great detail of how she is made to press her mouth against the blood spurting breast of Dracula. This creates a sickening image, which causes the reader to react in a way where he/she just wants to put the book down. As we move on to another extract in the story. We come to the part of the story where the Professor encounters Dracula himself.

Comparing The Dsdm And Rup Devices Information Technology Essay

Comparing The Dsdm And Rup Devices Information Technology Essay This report comprises the comparison between two modern systems development methodologies; Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) and Rational Unified Process (RUP). In the beginning of this report, strengths and weaknesses have been provided for both methodologies plus the challenges related to the implementation. It also encompasses the evaluation framework based on the comparison and justification of method for Complete Solutions. This report also contains characteristics of DSDM and RUP methodologies that are widely used in Agile Software Development and the challenges associated with implementing agile processes in the software industry. This anecdotal evidence has been increased regarding the effectiveness of agile methodologies in certain environments but there have not been much collection and analysis of empirical evidence for agile projects. According to this report after performing comparison, it has been found that DSDM agile methodologies can provide good benefits for small scaled and medium scaled project development whereas RUP seems dominant for software and systems delivery with implementation. Modern societies have been using computer software for more than five decades. Software development used to be a problematic activity for the software developers. Development used to be carried out without any plan and the design of the system was determined from many short term decisions. Small systems used to get away from problems but as systems grew bigger, it became more difficult to add new features in undergoing development and problems were harder to fix. Same procedures for system development were carried out for many years until an alternative was introduced: Methodology. Methodologies impose a disciplined process upon software development with the aim of making software development more predictable and more efficient (Avison Fitzgerald, 2006). DSDM and RUP contain agile concepts such as iterative and incremental development, time boxing, prioritization and active user involvement. According to Avison Fitzgerald (2006), DSDM is a part of Rapid Development Methodology (RAD) whereas RUP is part of Obeject Oriented Methodology. DSDM and RUP have been successful by using them in iterative development life cycles. Both methodologies have become the most important challenger in the field of agile development. This report has revealed the comparison between both processes from a DSDM point of view. It has examined the strengths and weaknesses of the processes (DSDM RUP) plus the differences and the similarities. Both processes can be combined in a system development approach which could result in better product. DSDM and RUP Comparison RUP Definition: Jacobsen et al (1994) define RUP is an iterative approach for object oriented systems, and it strongly embraces use cases for modelling requirements and building the foundation for a system. In 2002 RUP was acquired by IBM. According to IBM (2011) RUP is a comprehensive process framework that provides industry-tested practices for software and systems delivery and implementation and for effective project mangement. DSDM Definition: According to DSDM Atern (2011), DSDM is the processes by which solutions are developed must be agile and deliver what the business needs when it needs it. DSDM offer agility and flexibility by using useful processes in project development with the combination of solution developers knowledge and with the usage of advanced supportive tools and techniques. System delivery can be achieved by presenting many prototypes and final product can be delivered on different timescales. Dynamic System Development Method and Rational Unified Process are the part of Agile Methodology for the project development. They both follow the common rules and procedures by utilizing iterative and incremental development. This common usability and functionality of DSDM and RUP can be seen through their similarities in system development. Similarities: DSDM and RUP Principles The success of DSDM Atern is based on its 8 principles for the system development which are also carried by RUP in development. Lifecycle As DSDM and RUP processes are part of Agile Methodology hence both use iterative and incremental lifecycle for software development. Process Model RUPs framework which defines the complete solution model for any small level project can be adopted by DSDM framework which consists of set of rules for developing a system. Terminology As both processes support and use various tools and techniques but still they share many common terminologies, e.g. Configuration Management, Dependency Management etc. Roles RUP favours the support and importance of roles and responsibilities related to system developers along with other business users where as DSDM concentrates on business owners, business visionaries and business users. Both processes realise and utilize the actors involvement in system development. Techniques DSDM and RUP, both use various advance techniques and tools in software development and in project development. There is large number of tools supported by both approaches which can be seen in comparison table. Guidelines Both processes include guidelines on different aspects of the project lifecycle. RUP includes very complete guidelines on UML modelling, Requirements management, Development, Testing and Configuration management. DSDM includes support for facilitated workshops and timeboxing. Templates RUP includes a number of general and tool specific templates. DSDM deliberately avoids templates to encourage wider usage. Examples Both processes provide project examples, DSDM providing these examples in the form of white papers, where RUP includes them in the on-line process. Tools RUP provides comprehensive documentation on how the Rational Tool set integrates with the process. This provides the practitioner with context sensitive help within the particular Rational tool. DSDM provides guidance on tools to assist people in choosing their own tool set.

Training in Extreme Conditions

Training in Extreme Conditions Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, productivity and performance. (Wales) Body’s physiological response during exercise: Physiological response to exercise depends on intensity, duration and frequency of exercise and also depends on environment surroundings. During exercise requirement of oxygen and substrates in skeletal muscle are increased simultaneously leads to increase removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide. Chemical, mechanical and thermal stimuli affect alterations in metabolic, cardiovascular and ventilator function in order to meet these increased demands (Stokes). Adenosine triphosphate is a high-energy phosphate molecule that initiate muscle contraction, immediate source of energy supplies to muscle are initially provided by energy sources like ATP and Phosphocreatine before other aspects of metabolism are activated. Pulmonary ventilation increases as increase in respiratory rate to cope up increase in oxygen demand (Stokes) Some enzymes (ATPase) are able to use the energy stored between ADP and Pi bond. Water is involved is called hydrolysis. Each molecule of ATP releases 7.3 k cal.(30.7 kj) Energy can also provided by acetylate kinase reaction where ATP is produced from the conversion of two molecules of adenosine diphosphate(ADP to adenosine monophosphate(Amp) and ATP. (Stokes)Phosphocreatine stored in the muscle is a high-energy source for skeletal muscle it contributes energy in first 10 seconds of high intensity activities such as sprinting and are rapidly depleted but they provide important energy source in first few seconds of exercise before other aspects of metabolism are activated. (Stokes) resynthesis of ATP from energy-dense substrates glycolysis is a pathway by which glycogen and glucose are converted to two pyruvate molecules in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle via acetyl coA. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces hydrogen carriers that enter the electron transport chain (ETC) and ultimately donate H+ to oxygen to form water, allowing ETC to proceed, however, when oxygen is not present, ETC cannot proceed which prevents flux through the Krebs cycle and result in a build up of pyruvate(Stokes. If it was allowed to continue the glycolysis may stop and no further ATP would be synthesized. Fortunately, pyruvate can accept the hydrogen carrier, forming lactic acid yields only 3 moll ATP per molecule of glycogen, but this can occur in absence of oxygen. In contrast, complete breakdown of glycogen via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the ETC yields 39 ATP per molecule of glycogen. (Stokes) Fatty acids are more energy dense than glycogen and there are very large stores of fat in adipose tissue, all energy stored as fat is stored as glycogen, body mass would increase by 50 Kg. Fatty acids are catabolized and enter into the Krebs cycle and ETC. A fully oxidized fat yields 129 molecules of ATP. The rate of resynthesize of fat is too slow to be of great importance during high intensity training. During exercise ventilation might increase from values around 5-6 liters min to >100 liter min. in an average young male, resting oxygen consumption is about 250 ml min and in endurance athlete during internes exercise might reach 5000 ml min (Stokes).Changes which occur in arterial pH, PO2 and PCO2 values during exercise are usually small, the increased reliance on glycolysis results in increased accumulation of lactic acid, which initially leads to an increase in PaCO2. Ventilation increases abruptly in the initial stages of exercise and is then followed by a more gradual increase. (Stokes) Oxygen requirements of working skeletal muscles ar e dramatically elevated above resting requirements. Resting blood flow to muscle is usually 2–4 ml†¢100 g muscle−1 min−1, but might increase to nearly 100 ml†¢100 g muscle−1 min−1 during maximal exercise. The circulatory changes which occur are increase blood flow to muscle leads to increase in cardiac output which leads to increase oxygen consumption. (Stokes) In the body maximum efficiency for conversion of energy nutrients into muscular work is 20-25%, the remaining is released in non-usable form of heat which raises body temperature this heat is due to increase metabolism in the body during exercise and blood supply to skin is increased which in tern stimulates sweat glands which starts sweating which causes heat loss. (Stokes) Training in Heat (Rg) This report discuss the temperatures that are considered hot, how the physiology of a human body adjusts an increase in temperature, what the stages of illness that are caused by heat, along with precautions that should be taken while exercising in heat. Generally the human body tries to maintain a certain body temperature range. This helps it function within its optimal levels. The normal human body temperature is 37 °C. Increases in body temperature of 2 °C to 3 °C generally do not result in causing ill effects. However, increases in body temperature above 40 °C to 41 °C can be associated with a variety of heat-related problems (Astrand.P, 1986). During exercise, constant heat is produced as a bi-product of metabolism and muscular contraction. This heat increases the core temperature of the body, which alarms its thermoregulatory mechanism, returning the body back to a homeostatic state. There are two important functions contributing to this mechanism are increase in blood flow to the skin, facilitating cooling and increasing sweating. This sweat helps evaporate the heat and lowers the core temperature. The result of the aforementioned mechanism leads to cardiovascular strain due to the increase in blood flow to skin, blood flowing to the muscles and the decrease of blood plasma volume, due to sweat loss. This leads to a cardiovascular drift. Cardiovascular drift is due to the competition of the blood flow toward the skin and muscles. This leads to a decrease in stroke volume, meaning in order to maintain cardiac output we would have to increase heart rate. Increasing heart rate helps provide proper blood supply to skin and working muscles. The process of the body’s core temperature increasing occurs when the blood perforates the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then signals the rest of the body to reduce its exercise intensity (Phil wallace, 2013) . Exercising in hot climates without proper acclimatization can lead to a severe consequence called â€Å"Heat illness.† This illness is categorized into different stages based on the pathological events occurring at that time. (wordPress, 2012) Figure taken from (Ali Al-Nawaiseh, 2013) The different stages of heat illness are: Heat Cramps: It is thought to be due to the ingesting water with no salt during restitution from thermal dehydration. Clinical Feature Defined by a painful muscle cramp. Heat exhaustion: It is caused by sweat loss that results from exposure to high environmental heat or hard work. Clinical Feature Defined by clinical symptoms that involve a high body core temperature and signs of cerebral ischemia such as weakness, fatigue, discomfort, anxiety, dizziness, and headache. Heat syncope: It reflects cardiovascular failure caused by reduced venous return to the heart due to excessive seat loss. Clinical features Includes dizziness, fainting, and pale face. Heat stroke: It is the most severe heat-related disturbance and can be fatal. Clinical Feature – Core temperatures greater than 40 °C accompanied by hot and dry skin, indicative of impaired thermoregulation. It is also associated with delirium, convulsions or coma, indicating, impaired central nervous system function. Figure taken from (Yamazaki, 2012) Heat Acclimatization: Heat acclimatization is a process which body adapts to temperature change. It happens for the first 10-15 days of initial change, but major change occurs for the first 3 to 4 days. Heat acclimation improves endurance exercise performance in the heat, and thermal comfort at a given exercise rate. The primary adaptations that occur during heat acclimation are: Increased plasma volume by 10% – 12%, earlier onset of sweating, higher sweat rate, reduced salt loss in sweat, reduced blood flow to skin and increased synthesis of heat shock proteins There are many precautions that need to be taken while exercising in hot environments few of them are â€Å"obtain players or exercisers history of previous heat illnesses. Allow a period of seven to the ten days for acclimatization. Instruct players to wear appropriate clothing during the acclimatization period. Take regular measurements of the WBGT index. Encourage players to adequately replace fluids. Record body weight of players before and after, during practice and matches. Identify susceptible players. Constantly be vigilant and monitor players for signs of heat illness. Players must have unlimited access to water†. (International Hockey Federation (FIH), 2010) Training in Cold Conditions (Tyler) Exercising in cold temperatures is a complex idea. There are many factors and variables that need to be taken into account before contemplating or beginning to exercise in a cold environment or during a cold season. There are four major topics that we will be discussing: A) Metabolic changes B) Cardiovascular changes C) Thermal aspects and D) Adaptations. Choosing the correct diet for exercising in the cold can be tricky. After researching the subject there has shown to be no one significantly superior style of diet, whether it is carbohydrate, fat or protein dominant. However, one study did show that more work was achieved after a 3-day high carbohydrate diet (600g/day) as opposed to a 3-day normal diet (300g/day) [Thorp et al. 1990]. This would indicate an important relationship between exercise performance in a cold environment and carbohydrate intake. A study conducted by â€Å"Doubt and Hsieh in 1991 and Jacobs et al in 1984, 1985† shows us that venous lactate concentrations are higher with exercise in cold temperatures, which is due to the inverse relationship between muscle temperature and glycolysis. Lactate values have shown to be higher in colder temperature (-2 °C), these values also seemed to increase at a slower rate than they did at warmer temperature (+24 °C); indicating that there may be a temperature-relate d delay in lactate release. Samples were taken at the end of each incremental increase in workload throughout the study, leading to these results (Therminarias et al. 1989). Ventilation experiences an increase when the body is exposed to a colder environment. However, the differences between ventilation in a cold environment and that of warmer environment diminish as we increase our exercise workload (Therminarias et al. 1989). As we know, during respiration our lungs work to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. However, if there is an increase in ventilation, this could result in the reduction of end-tidal carbon dioxide. Maintaining higher levels of CO2 within the body could eventually lead toward impaired mental function in persons working in a cold environment (Cooper et al. 1976). When we introduce our body into a cold environment, our body reacts. This is usually in the form of the cutaneous thermal receptors sending distress signals to our central nervous system via afferent signalling. The body uses two mechanisms to account for higher VO2 during exercise in a cold environment. 1) A flux in our total body heat occurs (Nadel 1984; Park et al. 1984; Rennie 1988; Sagawa et al. 1988) 2) Our net mechanical efficiency is decreased (Pendergast 1988). If a flux in total body heat occurs, the body responds via negative feedback. First the body’s thermal receptors detect an unwanted change in body temperature at the skin. These receptors send a message via afferent messaging to the central nervous system which determines the best way to return the body back to its homeostatic state. A signal then is sent from the brain, to the hypothalamus which responds by sending its own message to our muscles forcing them to repeatedly contract at an express pace, this is commonly referred to as â€Å"shivering.† The more the body shivers, the more heat that is produced which in turn raises the body’s core temperature. After a homeostatic balance is regained, we begin to stop shivering as the â€Å"heat-promoting† portion of the hypothalamus begins to shut down. When considering the efficiency of our body to perform specific actions, we need to take into account how the cold temperature will affect us. Cold muscles tend to have a reduced contractile force, regardless of whether or not the kinetic energy requirement has been altered. This means that the body may have to try and recruit additional motor units to meet the required work output (Blomstrand et al. 1986). Exposure to a cold climate causes significant peripheral vasoconstriction, resulting in elevation of blood pressure. Cold temperature has the ability to affect cardiac output through an increase in intrathoracic blood volume, which is secondary to peripheral vasoconstriction (Pendergast 1988). The increase in intrathoracic volume is indicated through larger increases in stroke volume (McArdle et al 1976) or total body insulation (Rennie 1988). Increasing the intrathoracic blood volume has shown to increase both left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions at rest and during exercise (Sheldahl et al. 1984). Exposure to cold temperatures during exercise can sometimes lead to injury, such as a non-freezing cold injury or frostbite. This can be seen early throughout the distal extremities. The distal extremities depend on blood flow to maintain a suitable local temperature because their intrinsic capacity to generate heat in limited (Doubt Francis 1989). Our peripheral systems utilize a negative feedback technique to regain a suitable local temperature by alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation (Rusch et al. 1981). References Wales, J. (, 2013). [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training Stokes , K. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://ceaccp.oxfordjournals.org/content/4/6/185.full Ali Al-Nawaiseh, M. B. (2013). Physiological Responses of Distance Runners during Normal and Warm Conditions . Journal of Exercise Physiology online, 12. Astrand.P, K. (1986). Textbook of Work Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. International Hockey Federation (FIH). (2010). Competition in Hot and Humid Enivironments . Guidence competition in Hot and Humid Enivironments, 10. Phil wallace, M. M. (2013, Novemeber 4). Environmental Ergonomics. St catherines, Ontario, Canada. wordPress. (2012, February 15). Exercise Physiologist. Retrieved March 27, 2014, from wordpress.com: http://exercisephysiologist.wordpress.com/2012/02/15/the-human-homoeothermy/ Yamazaki, F. (2012). Importance of heat acclimation in the prevention of heat illness during sports activity and work. Importance of heat acclimation in the prevention of heat illness during sports activity and work, 8. C.J, Baker-Fulco et al (2001). Nutrition for Health and Performance. J.W, Thorp et al (1990). Work Enhancement and Thermal Changes during Intermittent Work in Cool Water after Carbohydrate Loading. A, Therminarias et al (1989). Influence of Cold Exposure on Blood Lactate response during Incremental Exercise. D.R, Pendergast (1988). The Effect of Body Cooling on Oxygen Transport during Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. D.W, Rennie (1988). Tissue Heat Transfer in Water: Lessons from Korean Divers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. T.J, Doubt (1991 ). Physiology of Exercise in the Cold. E, Blomstrand et al (1986). Temperature-induced changes in Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Intensive Dynamic Exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica . E.R, Nadel (1984). Energy Exchanges in Water. Undersea Biomedical Research. K.E, Cooper et al (1976). Respiratory and other Responses in subjects immersed in cold water. Journal of Applied Physiology . L.M, Sheldahl et al (1984). Effect of Central Hypervolemia on Cardiac Performance during Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. N.J, Rusch et al (1981). The Effect of Profound Cooling on Adrenergic Neurotransmission in Cutaneous Veins. Journal of Physiology (London). S, Sagawa et al. (1988). Water Temperature and Intensity of Exercise in Maintenence of Thermal Equilibrium . Journal of Applied Physiology . T.J, Doubt et al (1989). Hazards of Cold Water. W.D, McArdle et al (1976). Metabolic and Cardiovascular Adjustment to Work in Air and Water at 18, 25 and 33C. Journal of Applied Physiology. Y.S, Park et al (1984). Decrease in Body Insulation with Exercise in Cool Water. Undersea Biomedical Research. Howley, E. Powers, S. 2012. Exercise Physiology: Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Hue, O. (2011). The Challenge of Performing Aerobic Exercise in Tropical Environments: Applied Knowledge and Perspectives. International Journal Of Sports Physiology Performance, 6(4), 443-454.

Writing: A Necessity? Essay -- History Philosophy Essays

Writing: A Necessity? What, specifically, is so necessary about writing? What inspired the first cavemen to use an instrument (bone or stick) dipped in the indelible dyes derived from plants to create petroglyphs upon a wall? Why did the ancient Egyptians find it necessary to formulate a process that would create the first papyrus sheets making language a portable commodity? What was it that made Gutenberg want to simplify the printing process so that text could be mass-produced and disseminated to more people? George Farquhar (1678-1703) is attributed with the quote, â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention.† In light of this statement, I must ask again, what is so necessary about writing that the need to do so has given rise to the invention of paints and inks, the stylus and pencil and quill, the fountain pen and ballpoint, typewriters and fonts, and finally computers and word-processing? I believe there are two very simple and basic reasons behind this so-called â€Å"necessity† of these created inventions – reasons as old as mankind’s innate human nature. First of all, people desire to communicate – this desire transcended mere touch and hand signals or facial expressions and became language. Not to trivialize and condense the ages of development into a paragraph, but as more complex concepts arose it created the need for more complicated symbols and signs to convey meaning accurately. Human memory being what it is, fallible and ultimately terminal, written language became the vehicle to transport the second, and probably more important factor in the continuing invention of written technology – people want to leave something of themselves to posterity. This may be in the form of a story, a poem, a last will and testa... ...r of invention – at least where the desire to communicate is concerned. History has shown mankind’s aspirations to not only leave a message behind, but to invent better processes to preserve and spread those messages. I cannot conceive of sending a message to my sister in Arizona on the sycamore leaf from my backyard faintly inscribed with charcoal from an old apple tree stump. Chances of it arriving in one piece would be slim. However, with today’s technology, I can email her or engage in instant messaging. Technology has made communication easier and quicker, but to this I must add one more question – has it made it better? When we are limited and each word becomes a painstaking choice, perhaps the weight of the message becomes greater, clearer, more profound than when we have the ability to run on and on chasing a flashing cursor across a clean white page.

DR. MARY FRANCES EARLY :: essays research papers

Mary Frances Early: A Living Legend of the University of Georgia When one thinks of prominent figures in African American history the direct correlation is that those leaders lived and died long ago, and are far removed from present-day society. In lieu of Dr. Mary Frances Early’s achievements, she is a â€Å"Living Legend† walking amongst the faculty, staff, and students here at Clark Atlanta University. Professor Mary Frances Early graduated valedictorian from Clark College in 1957 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music Education. She then pursued her post graduate studies at the University of Michigan in the summer months, while she taught in Georgia during the school year. Appalled by the treatment of the two African American students at the University of Georgia by their white counterparts, she felt compelled to transfer from the University of Michigan to apply for admission into the University of Georgia. â€Å"I want you to think about what you are doing†, stated her mother when Mary Frances presented her with her intentions. Mary Frances received her greatly anticipated acceptance letter from the University of Georgia in the summer of 1961; after much deliberation by the university. While in attendance at University of Georgia, Mary Frances Early, endured many blatant hardships and dehumanizing attitudes from her white counterparts. While attempting to enter the library a few Caucasian students created a â€Å"human barricade† in an attempt to block the entrance of the library. Mary Frances being the strong African American woman that she is stormed â€Å"full speed ahead† through the â€Å"human barricade† into the library to study. Mary Frances Early’s safe-haven at the university was the music department, where she â€Å"fined tuned† her musical talents. She continued to encounter dehumanizing pranks and jokes. For example, she was locked in a class room by some of the students at 10:00 p.m., in which she was then scolded by the security guard who held no regard for those responsible for terrorizing her. Dr. Early, became a beacon of light for all to see when she became the 1st African American to obtain a graduate degree from the University of Georgia on August 16, 1962. DR. MARY FRANCES EARLY :: essays research papers Mary Frances Early: A Living Legend of the University of Georgia When one thinks of prominent figures in African American history the direct correlation is that those leaders lived and died long ago, and are far removed from present-day society. In lieu of Dr. Mary Frances Early’s achievements, she is a â€Å"Living Legend† walking amongst the faculty, staff, and students here at Clark Atlanta University. Professor Mary Frances Early graduated valedictorian from Clark College in 1957 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Music Education. She then pursued her post graduate studies at the University of Michigan in the summer months, while she taught in Georgia during the school year. Appalled by the treatment of the two African American students at the University of Georgia by their white counterparts, she felt compelled to transfer from the University of Michigan to apply for admission into the University of Georgia. â€Å"I want you to think about what you are doing†, stated her mother when Mary Frances presented her with her intentions. Mary Frances received her greatly anticipated acceptance letter from the University of Georgia in the summer of 1961; after much deliberation by the university. While in attendance at University of Georgia, Mary Frances Early, endured many blatant hardships and dehumanizing attitudes from her white counterparts. While attempting to enter the library a few Caucasian students created a â€Å"human barricade† in an attempt to block the entrance of the library. Mary Frances being the strong African American woman that she is stormed â€Å"full speed ahead† through the â€Å"human barricade† into the library to study. Mary Frances Early’s safe-haven at the university was the music department, where she â€Å"fined tuned† her musical talents. She continued to encounter dehumanizing pranks and jokes. For example, she was locked in a class room by some of the students at 10:00 p.m., in which she was then scolded by the security guard who held no regard for those responsible for terrorizing her. Dr. Early, became a beacon of light for all to see when she became the 1st African American to obtain a graduate degree from the University of Georgia on August 16, 1962.

Did September 11 Kill Democracy? :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

Did September 11 Kill Democracy? Â   The September 11 terrorist attack on America has provoked a strong response. Americans are at war. On television, from the mouths of politicians, in newspapers, this response is portrayed as unequivocal. As with Pearl Harbor, war has been declared on America. We have no choice but to respond with unpresidented military force. Other considerations might give us a pause, if they were not being quietly swept under the rug by those eagerly pressing for war. Isn't war and violence precisely what terrorists are after? Rather than pitting ourselves against the Arab-Muslim world and lumping every Muslim in with the terrorists, shouldn't we draw closer to those elements in the Arab world that reject terrorism? Most importantly, shouldn't we attempt to fully understand why America was targeted? Do Americans truly appreciate the role of the United States in the Middle East? Are our politicians and news media attempting to increase our understanding of events in the Middle East before we plunge headlong into war? None of these questions are being addressed. Â   This is why the past few days have been so terrifying. A catastrophe can happen to any nation, but a democracy requires thoughtful debate and exposure to the necessary information before a democratic decision can be made. To quote Representative Lee of California, "We've got to bring these perpetrators to justice. But I'm saying that I have not yet seen the evidence. And until then, in Congress, we must show restraint." Representative Lee was the only Representative who voted against authorizing military force on Friday. This fact alone is shocking and should be worrisome. Where is the democratic debate when, a scant 4 days after the events, all of Congress decides for the nation that there is no alternative to military action? Â   Without full knowledge of who was involved in the events, and careful consideration of all possible alternatives, what are they basing their decision on? Â   The messages from network television has been similarly alarming in its uniformity. Already on Tuesday, newscasters were not presenting democratic alternatives, but speculating about military targets. Is that the best that we can do as a nation, reach for our guns, striking out in anger rather than justice? If CNN starts an article with "The questions are only when and where," isn't CNN is deliberately encouraging its audience not to ask other questions?

Literature ans society Essay

The literature of an age, and its social set up keeping and reacting one over the other. Literature influences the society; society is reflected in Literature and in this way, in all languages and at all times there has been a close interaction between the two. Literature of any age cannot escape the influence of the social scene and therefore is found reflecting the society of the age when it is created. The poet, the dramatist, the novelist, the essayist are all the product of their age and their-age openly and clearly gets imaged in their compositions. That cannot be helped, it so seems. Take  the example of two literatures — English and Hindi. Chaucer is called the father of English poetry and actually English literature in its form and language which kept on developing and improving, begins from him. His most representative work is the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales and then the Canterbury Tales. All the characters painted in these tales are the true representation of the types of such people as they were in his times. While Chaucer is a reflector of those characters and their types of his age — he is virtually and truly described as the chronicler of his age — his characters whether a  Knight; the Prioress; the monk, the fat fryer, the sailor, the squire, the priest — all are truly the representatives of their types in the contemporary society as they actually were. Chaucer is a painter as well as a critic of his society. Shakespeare — the greatest dramatist of English language — one of the greatest of all languages brings in ‘ghosts’, ‘witches’, and ‘courtier’ and ‘fools’ in his plays which were as per the liking of his audience and a part of the English Society of his times. That is what is rightly said about Shakespeare that in addition to the normal three ‘unities’—  Time, Place and Action in drama, he brought about the fourth unity — ‘unity with the people’. That encomium clearly Shakespeare being influenced by the society of his age and in his plays he, though never gave any message or pronounced any philosophy, but that is always there — the triumph of the good over the evil. This was the message that was most needed to his age after all that had happened earlier — Henry VIII —the king having been killed, Mary Tudor — a despotic, arrogant, a cruel ruler and then a benevolent, all embracing middle-path follower queen — Queen Elizabeth. As is the king so are the people — is an old but true saying and Shakespeare reflects that hilarious sometimes, but somber and philosophic at the other in his plays. Hulton was very much the product of his age. A truly puritanical person; a deeply religious man, he gave to his age which was battling with belief and disbelief — the message of God’s triumph over Satan. The Eighteenth century of English literature is a true product of the age. The social scene had degenerated into debauchery and license after the Restoration of Charles II who brought along with him all that he had enjoyed during his exile and adjourns in France and the literature of that period reflects all that was happening in the society. Alexander Pope’s ‘Rape of the Lock’ is a reflection of the so-called lascivious high society of and pungent satire too, on all that was too much too bad for the society. Thus Pope is a reflector as a corrector of his age. So are Addison and Steele as essayists. Balzac, Zola, Maupassant of France had cast their influence on every Wycherley, conserve and later Restoration dramatists who had gone to the lowest depth in describing social disparity and this is how literature reflected the age. The French Revolution — a very significant political and social event of Europe had as its basic tenets — Equality, Fraternity and Liberty — and these tenets and the revolution did cast its spell all over Europe and England and the English poets could not escape that influence. Wordsworth was moved by the humanitarian aspect of the revolution in the earlier phase but later its bloodiness and violence disillusioned him and all this is reflected in Wordsworth’s poetry — ‘poet of man’ and in his later poetry. Shelley was moved by the revolution’s ‘spirit’ of revolution and Byron by its fighting spirit. Tennyson was a true representative of the Victorian age and sang of the glories of the Empire while his nature poetry gets influenced by the advancement of Science in the later nineteenth century. He did not remain a ‘priest of nature’ as Wordsworth was because where science advances religion declines. Charles Dickens saw the backside of industrialization — the poor getting Poorer and the rich richer — the sufferings of the poor are ignored and his novels reflect all this. The First World War (1914-19) created a group of who sang of the glories of war, of chivalry and  Sacrifice for the nation and then there is the post w poetry and post-war drama — Bernard Shaw dramatist known for his pungent satire, pricking the balloon of romanticism associated with war heroism and love in his ‘Arms and the Man’. Eliot comes on the literary stage to deal with the utter disillusionment of the age in his ‘Wasteland’ all this about English Literature. Similarly in Hindi Literature, when Prithvi Raj Chauhan was fighting valiantly with Mohammad Gori Chandrabardai — the warrior poet was singing of the glories of war and his hero in his ‘Prithvi Raj Raso’. Then came the Bhakti Kal — the period of Bhakti — the country and the nation had fallen under the Muslim yoke and there were class conflicts on the basis of faith and religion. There came on the literary scene, Kabir, who preached anti-fanaticism; pricked the bloated balloon of superstitions and blind faiths and admonished both ‘mullahs’ and ‘Pandits’ and showed the way of God. Tulsidas found the Hindu society divided into factions ‘Shaivas’ and ‘Vaishnavas’ and showed the path of love, brotherhood and mutual respect for all Gods and presented the ideals of a son, a brother, a wife, and a devotee. The triumph of Ram — the incarnation of the Good over Ravan, the symbol of Evil is an eternal lesson given by him to the society — whose lessons remain revered even till today. The period of comparative social peace created a set of poets who indulged in pleasing their patrons — the Kings — as their courtiers and songsters. Their poetry is full of amorous sports in which they make Krishna a Radha and the Gopis their actors — a very wrong a vitiated depiction — unbecoming of those great. This was done just to gratify their patrons — the sensuous and sensual kings. This is how the social scene was reflecting itself in literature. Then, comes the modern age. The British were ruling India and there were classes close to the ruler and classes suffering at the hands of the officials and at the hands of the so-called elite of the society. There were classes created — the superior, the downtrodden — the imperialists and the nationalists. Prem Chand — the great novelist unravels this class fight in his novels and thereby, not only reflects the society of his times but gives a lesson too. His novels, his short stories — all have a lesson to give. There was Bhartendu Harishchandra — the poet the harbinger of the modern age and thought, who successfully caricatured the classes — social and religious — thus reflecting the social scene with a point to reform it. Thus goes on the scene. Maithili Saran Gupta — the Gandhian poet sings of the glory of Ram, of the glory of Lord Buddha, of the glory of other mythological heroes his thrust throughout being to awaken the masses and enlighten them into cordial social contacts. The national fervor reverberated through the veins of the Psyche under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi and poets  after poets, writers after writers sang of the of our ancient land and its culture. Jai Sanker rasad, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, the poets; Dharmvir Shrilal Shukla — the novelists brought into focus the inequalities and imbalances that plagued the social scene and through their thoughtful and sometimes highly satirical way brought to the fore the social and political malaise through which our present generation passing. This true presentation has been with a purpose — to awaken the social conscience to the problems that dog the people. Literature thus has been holding the mirror up to Nature on one hand; reflecting all traditions,  trends and tendencies while rising up the finger of caution too to guard against all that goes against the basic values of life. Literature and Society have remained and shall remain ever intertwined and the more they so remain, the more solid would the foundations be laid for a sustained growth; a well-coordinated growth and a corrected social order Literature has to play its part as a reflector and a corrector of society and society has to inspire men of letters to keep themselves on their guard towards their mission of social good.

The Main Purposes Of Budgeting Accounting Essay

As Bhimany et Al. stated in 2008 â€Å" A budget is a quantitative look of proposed program of action by direction for a future clip period and is an assistance to the coordination and execution of the program. It can cover both fiscal and non-financial facets of these programs and acts as a blue-print for the company to follow in the extroverted period † . The budgeting system is a conventional manner of managing and directing companies. Fiscal sections use the budgeting method to program and form them company ‘s concern activities in the undermentioned twelvemonth of their company. Budget is a criterion with which the existent informations can be compared. ( Joshi et al. , 2003 ) Some of the primary intents of the budget are to actuate employees, allocate resources and organize operations within an organisation. Budgeting is aimed to ease duty distribution and is used to measure public presentation ( Libby & A ; Lindsay, 2003 ) . Particularly today, because of the fiscal crisis that Greece and many other European states are traveling through, concerns runing in those states need to experience secured and protected. This is where budget gets involved in order to inform the direction of the company on what will be the disbursals for the approaching twelvemonth.Main Purposes of BudgetingCompanies used budget at its really first old ages of being as a control map merely ( Libby & A ; Lindsay, 2003 ) , but today there are several aims and intents of the budget and the intents differ from company to company. Drury ( 2004 ) references that the chief intents of budgeting are: Planing Companies must cognize that they act in the best manner in order to accomplish their ends and marks. This is where budget is coming to be after the future activities of the organisation. Planing budget is used to be after gross revenues, fiscal issues, purchase of stuff, etc. Through planning, a company can be cognizant of how many resorts are needed, giving the possibility to be after influxs and escapes of liquidness. The directors, who set a budget, must be cognizant of any future alterations or jobs that may happen. This gives the privilege to take actions in order to avoid that job before it strikes the company ( Granof & A ; Khumawala, 2010 ) . Coordination All units within an organisation are, more or less, dependant on each other. By utilizing a budget the units have to collaborate and compromise when it concerns limited resources. Every unit has their ain budget and when these budgets are compiled, defects and inaccuracies are revealed. The budgets can be a manner to detect coordination and cooperation jobs. The budget is meant to do it possible to see the organisation as a whole and seek to work out struggles. If sections have different ways of making things, the budget makes the sections ‘ via media and work together, in order to do the budget for the whole organisation complete. To cut down the hazard of overcapacity within the company it is of import to dimension the organisation. By comparing budgets from sections they contribute to organize the size of production. Communication Budgets contribute to good communicating through the exchange of information that takes topographic point during the budgetary procedure. The budget procedure enables employees to pass on and portion their thoughts with other workers within the organisation. Through treatments, employees can portion their sentiments and thoughts with each other. For directors, the budget can be used to pass on and explicate schemes and ends within the company to the employees. Furthermore it connects sections and gives insight and understanding for each other. Resource allotment Budgets are aimed to ease resource allotment within companies, secure that the resources are being used efficaciously and that the right sum is distributed to the sections, which is important. Unit of measurements in the organisation acquire different precedences. By administering resources to units, resource allotment could be seen as a control tool. However, this kind of direction requires that the directors take an active portion in the budgetary procedure. They need to be good informed about the factual inquiries and have all refering facts and inside informations. Performance rating The budget maps as a control system for public presentation rating. By puting budget marks the accountable are held responsible for making the aims. Through a follow up of the budget, which means when the budget is being compared with the existent result, directors can be evaluated. When followups are made it is possible to detect fluctuations from program. Concentrating and seting attempt into divergences from program is called â€Å" direction by exclusion † . By look intoing the grounds to why the fluctuations occur, actions can be taken. When budgets are made for shorter periods than a twelvemonth, it can be valuable to do follow-ups every month and this enables alterations if the existent results vary from program. Therefore, this requires that the original budgets are distributed right over the twelvemonth and that directors have made an attempt to do budgets every bit realistic as possible for every month. Analyzing the budget every twelvemonth and examine if there are any big fluctuations can ease to more useable budgets in the hereafter. Responsibility distribution Budgets are frequently used for distribution of duty. A survey proved that utilizing a budget for administering answerability is more of import than utilizing it as a control tool. During the budget procedure, duty is assigned to employees and it is critical that the directors clarify what is expected from the employees. A followup is being made to vouch that the managers/employees have lived up to their committedness. It is a common committedness between the company and the accountable. The company contributes with the resources needed and the accountable are responsible for making what they said they would make. Further, the budget is a tool to do directors responsible for their actions and to work in the best involvement of the organisation. Establishing aims In organisations the budget is used for puting marks for directors. It is common that directors receive a fillip if they are able to â€Å" lodge to the budget † and make the ends. The aims indicate what is of import in the organisation and what it is seeking to accomplish. Different marks for each unit within the organisation are aimed to demo what is expected of them. The aims for the organisation are being divided into ends for every section. When puting a budget for a decentralised organisation it is a requirement that the chief budget is divided into budgets for every unit. Drury ( 2004 ) states that there are three different sorts of marks for an organisation: mission, corporate aims and unit aims. The mission of an organisation is the ground to why the company exists ; it describes in general footings, which the clients are, and what the construct of the company is. Corporate aims are specific ends for an organisation and the board of managers frequently set up them, e.g. return on equity, market portion etc. Unit of measurement aims are the ends for the units in the company. While corporate aims are seen as ends for the organisation as a whole, unit aims are made for different parts of the organisation. Motivation Budgets are used as a motive tool. When employees are involved in the budget and mark setting-process, they are frequently more motivated to seek to accomplish the ends. By puting clear and defined marks based on the budget, employees understand what is expected of them and can therefore experience more motivated. Though, this requires that marks are set on an appropriate degree and that they are disputing but realistic. Meanwhile, if the marks are excessively hard to accomplish they could alternatively be de-motivating. The chief intents stated above are complemented with two intents by Ax et Al ( 2009 ) : Awareness The budget creates awareness about the organisations ends and to do workers understand the â€Å" large image † . Forces can understand how their work is lending to the organisation as a whole alternatively of merely seeing their ain unit ( Ax et al, 2009 ) . Incitation Normally, organisations use the budget as an incitation for the employees. The budget becomes a benchmark for what is a sufficient degree to make. By comparing the budget with the existent result, a wages for the accountable can be made ( Ax et al, 2009 ) . Budgeting is a time-consuming and dearly-won occupation. The development of a budget includes many insistent stairss before the budget is eventually approved. As an illustration, participative budgeting ( which is supposed to be a better theoretical account ) involves directors at all degrees ( and sometimes all of the employees ) developing their ain initial estimations for gross revenues, costs, etc. This procedure requires tonss of dialogues between directors at different degrees until a budget evolves which is acceptable to all degrees ( Langfield-Smith, Thorne & A ; Hilton, 2006 ) . Bartrum ( 2006 ) cites the Hackett Group ‘s research to show that even the most efficient companies take 79 yearss to be after their budgets, while the worst take 210 yearss to finish the whole procedure. The Ford Motor Company has calculated that they spent $ 1.2 billion yearly for budgeting ( BBRT, 2006 ) . This is because it involves many people in the organisation and absorbs up to 20-30 per centum of top executives ‘ and fiscal directors ‘ clip.Stairss in fixing a budgetHarmonizing to Bragg ( Bragg, 2011 ) these are the stairss that should be done in order to fix an efficient budget: Update budget premises. Review andA conveying the premises which were used in the latest budgeting theoretical account to day of the month. Reappraisal constrictions. Determine what is restraining the company from bring forthing farther gross revenues, and explicate how this will act upon any auxiliary company gross growing. Available support. Determine the most expected sum of support that will be available during the budget period. Measure bing points. Determine whether any measure costs will be sustained during the likely scope of concern activity in the approaching budget period, and specify the sum of these costs and at what activity degrees they will be incurred. Create budget bundle. Copy forward the basic budgeting instructions from the direction package used in the old twelvemonth. Update it by including the year-to-date existent disbursals incurred in the current twelvemonth, and besides annualize this information for the full current twelvemonth. Add a commentary to the package, saying measure bing information, constrictions, and expected support restrictions for the upcoming budget twelvemonth. Issue budget bundle. Publish the budget bundle separately, where possible, and reply any inquiries from receivers. Besides province the due day of the month for the first bill of exchange of the budget bundle. Obtain gross prognosis. Obtain the gross prognosis from the gross revenues director, formalize it with the CEO, and so administer it to the other section directors. They use the gross information as the footing for developing their ain budgets. Obtain section budgets. Obtain the budgets from all sections, cheque for mistakes, and comparison to the constriction, support, and measure bing restraints. Adjust the budgets as necessary. Obtain capital budget petitions. Validate all capital budget petitions and send on them to the senior direction squad with remarks and recommendations. Update the budget theoretical account. Input all budget information into the maestro budget theoretical account. Review the budget. Meet with the senior direction squad to reexamine the budget. Highlight possible restraint issues, and any restrictions caused by funding restrictions. Note all remarks made by the direction squad, and frontward this information back to the budget conceivers, with petitions to modify their budgets. Process budget loops. Track outstanding budget alteration petitions, and update the budget theoretical account with new loops as they arrive. Publish the budget. Make a bound version of the budget and administer it to all authorized receivers. Load the budget. Load the budget information into the fiscal package, so that you can bring forth budget versus existent studies.Budget ArgumentsHope and Fraser ( 1997 ) argue that with the large alterations in the concern universe, rational assets accounting for 80-90 % of market capitalisation. While many companies recognize that the underlying beginning of future hard currency flows progressively comes from the effectual direction of rational assets, it is beyond the capableness of budgets to properly history for these rational assets. In other words, merely 10-20 % of a company ‘s value can be analyzed by its budget. Banks in Scandinavia utilizing budgets have an mean 70 % of cost/income ratio. In contrast, Svenska Handelsbanken, which does non use budgeting, has a 45 % cost/income ratio ( Hope & A ; Fraser, 1997 ) . This shows that budgets add small or no value to stockholders ‘ assets. Budgets are stiff, restricted and fixed to unreal period. The budget period can be excessively long to accommodate today ‘s dynamic and rapidly altering market ; conversely, the financial twelvemonth may be a excessively short-run skyline for planning and maneuvering some major activities of today ‘s companies, like R & A ; D, trade name development or turning concern relationships between spouses and possible clients. So budgets can curtail or impede concern and organisational development in the long tally while adding small, if any, value to the concern.How make budget enhances control?Owing to the inauspicious effects of go againsting budgetary authorizations, both authoritiess and nonprofit organizations can construct precautions into their accounting systems that help guarantee budgetary conformity. These include fixing journal entries both to enter the bud- get and to give acknowledgment t o goods and services that have been ordered but non yet received. We begin the treatment by depicting the basic books of history maintained by authoritiess and nonprofit organizations and demoing how they accommodate these precautions. The basic books of history of both authoritiess and nonprofit organizations correspond to those of concerns. They consist, either in manual or electronic signifier, of: Diaries, in which journal entries are recorded. Most minutess are entered ab initio in a particular diary, such as a belongings revenue enhancement hard currency grosss diary, a parking mulcts hard currency grosss diary, a purchases diary, or a hard currency expenses diary. Both no everyday minutess and history sums from particular diaries are recorded in a general diary. Ledgers, in which all balance sheet and operating histories are maintained. The general leger consists of control histories that summarize the balances of the elaborate subordinate histories that are maintained in subordinate legers.Key stages of budget rhythmBudgeting patterns in neither authoritiess nor nonprofit organizations are standardized ; they differ from entity to entity. However, irrespective of whether the budget is of object categorization or public presentation type, in most organisations budgeting is a uninterrupted, four-phase procedure: Preparationaˆ? Legislative acceptance and executive blessing Execution Reporting and scrutinizingBudgetary ControlThe budgetary control provinces: The designation of controlled and non-controlled points On the issue of the hierarchy of control The effectivity and impact of control The importance of divergences and bounds of control The positive and negative facets of Budgeting Control Controlled and non-controlled points The budgetary control requires: The separation of disbursement controlled ( elastic ) and uncontrolled ( inelastic ) costs. The separation of concern centres or countries of duty. Should endeavour to increase the governable costs, otherwise we will stop up in bureaucratic disposal, which is distant from the centres of outgo and hence non cognizant of the existent demands.Hierarchy Of ControlChiefly, the content of feedback at different degrees of authorities. The information about the consequence of the modulated harmonizing to the degree of duty and authorization in which the auditee is under budget. Each officer is informed of the result of its country of aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹responsibility and the lower. The separate and elaborate information moves from the lower to the upper degrees of authorities progressively centralized and ensures the undertaking rating in upper and cardinal authorities on the province of the concern.Effectiveness Of ControlThe effectivity of control depends chiefly The acceptableness of the budget of those who would hold to implement. The grade of power in relation to the duty assigned to each degree of the hierarchy. The duty must travel manus in manus with duties. Easy flow and completeness of information. The budgetary control is simple, apprehensible, and paperss the findings.Signifocance Of GapsA divergence is important when taking the disposal to take disciplinary steps. Specifying the boundaries of allowable differences are either statistically or through empirical observation. Deviations must reply the undermentioned inquiries: Where are due The factors that cause is inadvertent or non They could supplyPositive and negative elementsThe budget establishes quantitative and temporal action plans The budget control gives specific content to power and duty of direction. The budgetary control system is an information and coordination activities. The budgetary control minimizes clip sensing of mistakes and accelerates the procedure of work outing. There is besides the possibility that the budget will do jobs in effectual concern and human relationships, based on defective projections imposed by autocratic no overall premiss of aims and a agency of patroling instead than encouragement of people in taking the right enterprises.Puting The TargetThe budget is based on normal and non standard. Serve short-run ends but must be aligned with a long-run strategic end. When you enter this strategic nonsubjective all waies and programs of action plans seek to accomplish. Such strategic aims are: Addition market portion Decrease of production costs Addition Net income Increasing Competitiveness Goal scene is necessary because: Establishes a disciplined attack to work outing jobs Enters individual mindset in concern Coordinates the execution of plans and budgetsImportant FactsThe design can be long and short term. The strategic end is non structured job but a vision. The long design gives waies taking to vision. Long-run plans covering a period of 3-5 old ages and up to 10 old ages. The plans cover a short period of 6 months to 1 twelvemonth. The short plans are characterized by lucidity, truth and item points non qualify long. It should nevertheless be noted that the

Ban Firecrackers

Diwali is celebrated with great vigour all across the nation. Bursting firecrackers is a tradition on Diwali. Diwali is also known as Deepavali in India. Firecrackers! Just the term creates joy and excitement in one’s mind. The heart flutters with thrill and enthusiasm developed by the sight those colorful showers and sparkles from the fireworks in the sky. But is it all about fun? Have you ever wondered how many harmful effects and disadvantages do these fireworks create for the environment?. It is yours, theirs and everyone’s duty to take care of the environment, fellow humans and other living beings. You may wonder why and how.You may be having a great time celebrating and enjoying, bursting those boisterous fireworks. But it need not be the same for the others around you! What about your neighbors? Your neighbor could be sick, or many may have an important appointment the next day. He/she could also be having a test or an exam the next morning and they may need some rest. Burning firecrackers late at night at odd hours disturbs everyone living in that community and disturb their sleep and make them less concentrated in their next day.Firecrackers produce very high level of sound and the vibrations can travel over a long distance. These are sometimes over 140 decibels! A human ear can bear a maximum of 85 decibels. Sounds above this limit create disability in hearing and causes permanent damage to the ears. Firecrackers when burnt release a large amount of very tiny toxic particles that can easily enter our lungs and damage the respiratory system. The smoke from firecrackers contain sulfur compounds, heavy metals and other toxic chemicals and harmful fumes of gases such as sulfur dioxide, ozone etc,. People with asthma, multiple chemical sensitivity and other breathing problems suffer largely due to the toxic emissions from these fireworks.Crackers are unnoticeably affecting all of us. We should understand what it’s doing & how itâ€℠¢ll threaten our very existence in future. Governments should take it very seriously & should: †¢ban the production of crackers †¢enforce laws on its production, sales, use, & advertisement †¢popularize the idea of not using crackers among publicThere’re a lot of causes of global warming & pollution. All the other sources are important for our living despite their ill effects. But cracker is absolutely nothing more than garbage. Be smart, be civilized, use your knowledge, don’t worry about what others think, don’t care about society, & DON’T USE CRACKER.Let each one of us take a pledge this Diwali to say NO to firecrackers and invest in a safer and greener future. Diwali is the festival of lights and we must enlighten our lives with the sparkle of joy and goodwill, forget past grievances and look ahead towards a brighter and happier future.